repeated heading is absolutely going to cause CTE, I don't care how you do it, glancing a hard ball coming at speed off of your head repeatedly is going to cause some trauma. Granted, proper heading can help as deflecting a ball off your head isn't as bad as having it go head on at full speed, but it still will.
I don't know that you can remove heading from the game without fundamentally changing the game. To do so would essentially remove any aerial attacks from the game. It could be done, but it would make scoring far more difficult than it already is, remove corner kicks from being any type of real threat, etc... If scoring was not so difficult already in soccer I'd be ok with it, but what are your options? I do agree that it probably should not be allowed in youth soccer, and maybe you start there and eventually pro leagues adapt?
However, expecting FIFA to care about anything more than money is hilarious. And most countries simply aren't going to care at all either as football is there only path to international glory and money in some cases and they're far more willing to take those risks as a result. In the US, we have so many other paths that we're open to these conversations, but on a global level, getting every country in the world to agree that headers are bad??? That's never going to happen.
Is there anything that studies the potential damage on heading corners vs punts/goal kicks? Logically, it seems like there would be significantly less problem since it is more of a glancing than a direct blow.
Heading the long punts simply has to do some damage, I cannot be convinced otherwise. Guys at a high level punt hit long, towering kicks that are travelling at a high rate of speed, with the players fighting each other to win the ball in the air - so the frequently take it on the top of the head instead of the forehead.